. Rumba and the Rise of Black Proletariat Art, 1941–1990
. Rumba and the Rise of Black Proletariat Art, 1941–1990
This chapter discusses the emergence of a rival sense of nationalism, an “alternative modernity” encouraged by the isthmus’s social and economic transformation, which utilized popular art to challenge the state-sponsored conception of Panama. It shows popular art to be a fluid and diasporic expression that has incorporated brown-skinned people of many different backgrounds as well as European and Asian immigrants who fell under the influence of black proletariat culture.
Keywords: Panamanian nationalism, Panama, alternative modernity, popular art, black proletariat culture
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